CXCL1 and Parkinson disease: Moreover, lower concentrations of IL-16, IL-17A, CCL8, CCL23, CXCL1, β-NGF, FGF-19, stem cell factor (SCF), macrophage-colony stimulating factor (CSF-1), programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) and vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGF-A) were discovered in PD participants than in controls, whereas increased levels of CCL28 were detected.