VCAM1 and Parkinson disease: Then, the systematic review identified some underlying inflammatory markers reported in one study that were significantly changed in patients with PD, including elevated levels of IL-33, CCL18, Pentraxin 3 (PTX3), soluble vascular cell adhesion molecule-1(sVCAM-1), neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL), high mobility group 1 (HMGB1) and platelet-derived growth factor-B (PDGFB), as well as reduced levels of IL-3, IL-27, PDGF, β-nerve growth factor (NGF) and fibroblast growth factor (FGF)-basic (Fig. 3a).