The GSEA revealed these plasma EV-packaged mRNAs from short-term survivors were significantly enriched in several key hallmark cancer-related pathways, i.e., Myc, TGF-b, interferon-a, interferon-g, TNFα via NFkB signalling pathways, suggesting that these EV mRNA cargoes were related to specific cellular processes and reflect tumour biology (Fig. 2G). Here, TNF is linked to neoplasm.