The GSEA revealed these plasma EV-packaged mRNAs from short-term survivors were significantly enriched in several key hallmark cancer-related pathways, i.e., Myc, TGF-b, interferon-a, interferon-g, TNFα via NFkB signalling pathways, suggesting that these EV mRNA cargoes were related to specific cellular processes and reflect tumour biology (Fig. 2G). This evidence concerns the gene TNF and cancer.