We investigated differential expression of adhesion-related genes—18 candidates of α- and 8 candidates of β-subunits of integrins, 8 candidates of non-integrin adhesion molecules (ICAM1, MUC1, CDH1, CDH2, CD44, DSG2, NCAM1 and VCAM1), and 2 co-stimulatory signaling molecules (CD28 and CD86)—in samples from patients with initial diagnosis at MGUS (Additional file 2: Table S4), SMM (Additional file 2: Table S5), or MM (Additional file 2: Table S6) and representing 4 major IgH translocation and 2 HY subgroups [19, 35, 36]. Here, VCAM1 is linked to Miyoshi myopathy.