MSX2 and chronic kidney disease: In studies exploring the correlation between CKD and vascular disease, FXR agonist (OCA) treatment of ApoE KO mice with CKD (5/6 nephrectomized) and bovine calcifying vascular cells (CVCs) prevented CKD-induced calcification by inhibiting the expression of osteogenic transcription factors (msh homeobox 2; MSX2 and osterix) through the activation of c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK)37.