Furthermore, differing concentrations of plasma ITGA11 and NFATC3, and elevated intrathecal CCL3 have been observed among individuals diagnosed with AD, while abnormal levels of CXCL10 in CSF or plasma are found across multiple neurodegenerative phenotypes, including FTD and AD [59, 61–63]. Here, CCL3 is linked to frontotemporal dementia.