TGFB1 and triple-A syndrome: TGF-β activates and phosphorylates them separately, which in turn affects the transcription of downstream contractile proteins.50,51 It has also been shown that TGF-β inhibits vascular chronic inflammation and attenuates AAA development by suppressing the activity of inflammation-related signaling pathways such as signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) and NF-κB.52