They can secrete TGF-β or IL-10 to exert anti-inflammatory effects and can repair the ECM.178,179 A high M1/M2 ratio can be observed in the aortas of AAA mice.180 Notably, Boytard et al. found lower levels of M2 cells and higher levels of M1 cells in the extravascular membrane at the AA site, but the opposite was found in the study of Dutertre et al.181,182. The gene discussed is TGFB1; the disease is triple-A syndrome.