Interestingly, we identified four genes, Btg2, Egr1, Fos, and Atf3, associated with cardiac hypertrophy, in overlapping DEGs between the upregulated DEGs in PAH versus control groups and the downregulated DEGs in PAH/αKO versus PAH groups (Fig. 5D). This evidence concerns the gene ATF3 and pulmonary arterial hypertension.