This observation is consistent with pre-COVID-19 findings suggesting that ICU patients, and particularly those for whom invasive interventions are used, are at increased risk of hospital-acquired infections.169, 170 In our analysis, antibiotic exposure was a significant risk factor for antimicrobial resistance, consistent with mechanisms described in the literature.171, 172 IL-6 inhibitor use and diabetes were also associated with higher proportions of antimicrobial resistance at the patient level. The gene discussed is IL6; the disease is diabetes mellitus.