TLR4 and Sepsis: The disruption of TLR4 alone markedly reduced the pCTS-L–induced secretion of most cytokines (e.g., IL-6 and IL-12) and chemokines (e.g., RANTES, MCP-1, MIP-1γ, and LIX) except for MIP-2/GRO-β and KC/GRO-α (Fig. 5A), two neutrophilic surrogate markers of experimental sepsis (37).