Exosomes derived from AFP-expressing DCs (DEXAFP) increase IFN-γ-expressing CD8+ T lymphocytes, elevate IFN-γ and IL-2, and downregulate Treg cells, IL-10 and TGF-β in the TME, implying DEXAFP triggers antigen-specific antitumor immune responses in mice with HCC tumors (Lu et al., 2017). This evidence concerns the gene TGFB1 and hepatocellular carcinoma.