When DM was considered as the reference, multinomial logistic regression analysis indicated that PlGF (p = 0.010), VEGF-D per 100 (p = 0.004) and VEGF-A (p = 0.021) were significantly different between the DR and DM groups; yet, there was no significant difference in the inflammatory cytokines between the two groups (Figure 1). Here, VEGFA is linked to diabetes mellitus.