DEGs and differentially expressed TFs between DGCs and NECs were analyzed in our dataset, and endocrine-related signatures and genes specific to NECs, such as CGA, CHGA, and CHGB, as well as NEC specific TFs, such as HMGN3, HOXD11 and FEV, were identified (Fig. S6D). Here, HOXD11 is linked to neuroendocrine carcinoma.