TNF and acute respiratory distress syndrome: Although the exact mechanisms by which SARS-CoV-2 induces ARDS are not fully understood, the induction of a cytokine storm, characterized by increased levels of inflammatory cytokines and chemokines, such as interleukin-2 (IL-2), IL-6, IL-10, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1/CCL-2), macrophage inflammatory protein 1 alpha (MIP-1α/CCL3), and CXC-chemokine ligand 10 (CXCL10), is considered to be one of the driving factors (18, –, 22).