Two-way ANOVA implied an interaction between VSL#3 and hMSCs in inhibiting the neuroinflammatory responses in the striatum in PD mice (VSL#3 × hMSC interaction, P = 0.0237 for TNF-α mRNA, P < 0.0001 for IL-1β mRNA, P = 0.0030 for caspase-1 mRNA, and P < 0.0001 for NLRP3 mRNA). Here, CASP1 is linked to Parkinson disease.