TNF and Parkinson disease: Administration with VSL#3 or hMSCs alone and their coadministration restored the mRNA expression of TNF-α, IL-1β, caspase-1, and NLRP3 in striatum to a level comparable to that of control mice (P < 0.05 versus PD), confirming that both VSL#3 and hMSCs targeted the neuroinflammatory response in PD mice.