Suppression of sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P)-mediated migration of NK cells and Th1 cells, or blockade of C-X-C chemokine receptor 3 (CXCR3)/C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 9 (CXCL9)-mediated trafficking to the bone marrow, alleviated the expansion of these immune cells and thus promoted melanoma growth. Here, CXCL9 is linked to melanoma.