Leptin also induces endothelial dysfunction (ED) by upregulating vascular adhesion molecules such as intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) and vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) through AKT/GSK3β and Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathways, promoting renal inflammation and vascular remodeling (66, 67). This evidence concerns the gene VCAM1 and endothelial dysfunction.