Furthermore, Dammer et al. identified that, in comparison to normal brains, the K11-, K48-, and K63-ubiquitin chains, but not the K29-chain, are increased in AD specimens, and that while the K11- and K48-ubiquitinations are suggested to be correlated with proteasomal degradation, the enhanced K63-ubiquitination regulates autophagy-lysosomal degradation (Dammer et al., 2011). Here, UBC is linked to Alzheimer disease.