Macrophage depletion in distal colon was associated with massive enterocyte apoptosis that was prevented by anti-fungal treatment.77 Leonardi et al. showed that ablation of intestinal CD11c+/Cx3cr1+ cells led to mycobiota changes and enhanced susceptibility to dextran sodium sulfate (DSS) colitis that was rescued by fungicide treatment.78 In relation to IBS not much is known about a possible role for CD11c+/CX3CR1+ cells. The gene discussed is ITGAX; the disease is irritable bowel syndrome.