Indeed, in the HIV infection context, in addition to impairment of the immune system’s ability to comprehensively respond to infections, there is a relative reduction of the abundance of commensal bacteria, including SCFA-producing bacteria (particularly the Ruminococcaceae and Lachnospiraceae taxa, which comprise the primary producers of SCFA).19 Furthermore, the bacterial microbiome of ART-treated PLWH can be depleted due to administration of preventive antibiotic drug treatment,181 especially in those with low CD4 + T-cell counts (also referred to as immunological nonresponders). Here, CD4 is linked to infection.