HIF1A and nonpapillary renal cell carcinoma: We and others have previously reported that HIF-1α enhances the Warburg effect in ccRCC, a common phenomenon observed in cancer in which cells exhibit a metabolic shift from mitochondrial respiration toward glycolysis.33–35 Here we demonstrate that NDUFA4L2 can increase glycolysis in RCC4 and HK-2 cells, suggesting that NDUFA4L2 can act independently of hypoxic signaling (Figure 2b).