LTF and hepatitis A virus infection: Lactoferrin can interact with the cell membrane and bind directly to viral particles as in hepatitis viruses.53 Further, an indirect antiviral effect is achieved by affecting natural killer cells, granulocytes, and macrophages that act in the early stages of viral infections.54 No direct reaction occurred between host cell angiotensin-converting enzyme 2, which is the functional receptor for SARS-CoV, and SARS-CoV-2 and lactoferrin.55,56