TLR4 and obesity due to melanocortin 4 receptor deficiency: Although TLR4 expression in the hypothalamus was not modified in LPS-treated mice, on the contrary, transforming growth factor b-activated kinase 1 (TAK1) phosphorylation and TLR4/MYD88 association were increased.12 TLR and AMPK relation in reducing adipogenesis, adipose inflammation, and promoting energy expenditure recently was confirmed in a mice model of obesity by modulating SIRT1 (Sirtuin 1, an enzyme function as intracellular regulatory proteins), TNF-α and IL-6 associated metabolic and inflammatory pathways.107