TLR4 and heart failure: An increased level of TLR4 expression in advanced heart failure has been reported previously, and inhibition of this receptor reduced the heart failure progression.40,47 Cardiomyocyte necrosis due to MI releases various endogenous DAMPs associated with profound TLR4 activation and inflammatory responses, leading to additional damage to the injured myocardium.48 Soraya et al13 reported cardioprotective effects through suppression of TLR4 expression in MI.