IPA can reduce the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines (including TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6) in the liver, colon, astrocytes and muscle cells (Du et al. 2021; Garcez et al. 2020; Rothhammer et al. 2016; Venkatesh et al. 2014; Zhao et al. 2019; Li et al. 2021). Here, TNF is linked to Ito hypomelanosis.