HLA-G and acute kidney injury: Another limitation is represented by the fact that DKA is associated with a systemic inflammatory condition that could lead to an increase in urinary NGAL levels regardless of the presence of AKI or renal tubular damage.37 In our study, however, we used also other urinary biomarkers to define the presence of AKI (i.e., urinary β2 microglobulin) and only two participants had isolated increase in urinary NGAL levels, so we think that the overestimation of the prevalence of renal tubular damage due to the presence of DKA-related inflammation is limited.