TNF and systemic lupus erythematosus: We found that the genes belonging to the IFN-α and IFN-γ response pathways as well as immune signal transduction pathways, such as TNF signaling via NF-κB and IL-6/STAT3, were enriched in IFN-α–treated and SLE patient–derived monocytes (Supplemental Figure 3, A and B), suggesting a resemblance of the previously observed impact of IFN-I in the monocytes of SLE patients.