HBoV1 infection initiates a DDR with activation of all 3 phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase–related kinases (PI3KKs), including ATM (ataxia telangiectasia mutated), ATR (ATM and RAD3 related), and DNA-PKcs (DNA-dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit) (31, 32). This evidence concerns the gene ATR and infection.