H2AX and infection: Consistently, we found that even at a high MOI (1,000K) (although AAV2 infection accumulated a high level of viral ssDNA genome in cells compared to UV-inactivated virus and rAAV infection), the ssDNA accumulation per se did not induce an increased expression of phosphorylated H2AX and/or RPA32, confirming that the viral genome alone is insufficient to induce a DDR.