A range of subsequent genetic analyses found no significant associations between genetically predicted FGF-23 with risk of coronary artery disease, ischemic stroke, or heart failure, nor were there any significant associations with clinical measurements of carotid artery atherosclerosis or imaging evidence of structural heart disease, indicating that the FGF-23 molecule is unlikely to have a direct causal role in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular diseases. Here, FGF23 is linked to heart failure.