Similar observations were made after KD of DDX3X in HeLa or HEK293 cells using virus-mediated expression of short-hairpin RNAs (shRNAs) (Supplementary Figure S7B, C), which confirmed that downregulation of DDX3X expression did neither affect mature tRNA-GlyGCC/CCC levels nor the levels of tsRNAs derived from these tRNA isoacceptors while virus infection or short hairpin RNA expression increased tsRNA levels. Here, DDX3X is linked to viral infectious disease.