To simulate the interaction between tumor cells and CD8+ T cells, we co-cultured RIN1-treated HCC cells (HCCRIN1) or HCCRIN1 overexpressing PD-L1 (HCCRIN1 + PD-L1) (Supplementary Fig. 10a, b) with patient infiltrating CD8+ T cells, respectively. Here, CD274 is linked to hepatocellular carcinoma.