AFP and hepatocellular carcinoma: The serum AFP level is the most commonly used biomarker for HB diagnosis, malignant degree evaluation, therapy efficacy monitoring, and recurrence/metastasis prediction because it is significantly increased in 90% of HB patients; however, it lacks specificity for HB diagnosis because its levels are also high in normal infants and in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and benign liver tumours [7–10].