IL6R and susceptibility to pneumonia measurement: For both of these respiratory infections, despite the largely null effect with incidence of disease, IL6R blockade was associated with decreased odds of critical care admission (Fig 3A and Table 1), with effect estimates concordant with the estimates from sepsis requiring critical care admission: OR for pneumonia requiring critical care admission was 0.69 (95% CI 0.49 to 0.97) and the OR for LRTI requiring critical care admission was 0.51 (95% CI 0.23 to 1.21).