TGFB1 and dengue disease: For malaria and virus coinfections, increased TNF, IFN-γ, IL-6, and CCL4 levels [44] and decreased IL-4, IL-7 [43,44], IL-12 [44], TGF-β, and CCL3 levels [43] were observed in malaria coinfections compared to dengue monoinfection.