Distinct cytokine profiles in malaria and HIV coinfections were TNF, IL-1Ra, IL-4, IL-10, IL-12, IL-18, CCL3, CCL5, CXCL8, CXCL9, CXCL11, and G-CSF; IL-12 [33,35], CXCL9 [35,36], CXCL11 [35,37], IL-18 [38], and G-CSF [35] levels were significantly increased in coinfections compared to malaria monoinfections. Here, CXCL11 is linked to malaria.