IL4 and parasitic intestinal disorder: For intestinal parasite infections, increased TNF [53,55], IL-1 [55,62], IL-6 [54,55], IL-10 [53–56], CCL2 [55] and decreased IL-4 [53], IL-17 [55], TGF-β [54] were observed in malaria coinfections compared to intestinal parasite monoinfection.