CD4 and malaria: Some studies have found that P. falciparum-infected RBCs (iRBCs) or parasite products can render human DCs refractory to activation and restrict priming of CD4+ T cells in vitro (Urban et al., 1999; Pouniotis et al., 2004; Elliott et al., 2007; Yap et al., 2019; Millington et al., 2006; Pack et al., 2021), and humans with malaria have fewer and less activated circulating DCs than healthy controls (Pinzon-Charry et al., 2013; Woodberry et al., 2012).