TNF and fetal growth restriction: Some genes such as heme oxygenase 1, stearoyl-CoA desaturase 1, liver fatty acid- binding proteins 1, superoxide dismutase 1, toll-like receptor 4, sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1c, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) have abnormal transcriptional expression in the liver of IUGR models (29).