Presence of other chronic diseases including thyroid or gastrointestinal diseases; medications, hormones other than insulin or calcium preparations, which may influence bone accretion taken in the preceding 6 months; presence of nephropathy; systemic disease or hospitalization for more than 2 weeks in the preceding year; and participation in competition sport, which may be more prevalent in the healthy group and further increase BMD. Here, INS is linked to gastrointestinal disease.