The findings of lipid-lowering drugs that increase HDL-C but do not reduce cardiovascular events (CVEs) or atherosclerosis have attracted an interest in alternative indexes of HDL quantity [i.e., HDL particle or apolipoprotein A1 (ApoA1)] or HDL quality, such as particle size, subclass distribution or various measures of HDL functionality (5, 6). Here, APOA1 is linked to atherosclerosis.