This could be attributed to the fact that obesity stimulates abnormal cell proliferation and inhibits cell apoptosis via adipocytokine activation (leptin and adiponectin), altered hormone metabolism, chronic (subclinical) inflammation, elevated insulin levels IGF-1 and other pathways, which negatively affects the incidence of cancer (27, 59–61). Here, LEP is linked to obesity due to melanocortin 4 receptor deficiency.