GDF15 and diabetes mellitus: Previous studies show that acute ketone intake may suppress hunger and desire to eat (Stubbs et al., 2018; Poffé et al., 2020; 2021; Poffe et al., 2021) via various mechanisms, including central actions in the brain (Laeger et al., 2012), reductions in circulating ghrelin (Stubbs et al., 2018; Poffé et al., 2020) and GDF15 (Poffe et al., 2021) levels and ketoacidosis (Poffé et al., 2021).