INS and type 2 diabetes mellitus: The utilization of the 3T3-L1 (preadipocyte), C2C12 (skeletal muscle), and HepG2 (liver) cell lines induced by palmitic acid, high glucose, or chronic insulin exposure has been well established in the exploration of diabetes and insulin resistance, considering that these cell lines represent organs that are crucial in the pathogenesis of insulin resistance and T2D progression.