Experiments have demonstrated that there is both the possibilityof a direct effect of the NS3 and E1 proteins on theactivity of c-Jun/AP-1 (de Chassey et al., 2008), and the lattercan affect the expression of the WIF1 gene through interactionwith the DNMT1 methyltransferase (DNA methyltransferase1), suppressing WIF1 in gallbladder cancer cells (Lin etal., 2018). Here, WIF1 is linked to gallbladder cancer.