VCAM1 and infection: Upon activation by various stimuli including oxidative stress, cytokines and infection, NF-κB not only regulates inflammation via promoting the production of inflammatory cytokines (e.g., IL1, IL6, IL8, TNF-α), chemokines (e.g., MCP-1, RANTES, CXCL1, CXCL10) and adhesion molecules (e.g., ICAM1, VCAM1, MMPs), but also affects the morphogenesis, apoptosis, proliferation and differentiation of the cells via altering the expression of various target genes (e.g., BCL2, BCL2L1, caspases, surviving, PAI2, cyclins) (Perkins, 2007; Madonna and De Caterina, 2012; Liu et al., 2017).