Approaches to initiate macrophage repolarization include small molecule inhibitors, in vitro-transcribed mRNA, toll-like receptor (TLR) agonists, and siRNAs delivered via nanoparticles, all of which have demonstrated repolarization of M2-like TAMs to a M1 phenotype, resulting in downregulation of pro-tumor markers, such as vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β), and upregulation of pro-inflammatory markers, including tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and interferon-γ (IFN-γ). The gene discussed is TNF; the disease is neoplasm.