CTLA4 and urothelial carcinoma: In a single-arm feasibility trial (ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT03387761), 24 patients with stage III uroepithelial carcinoma received neoadjuvant anti-PD-1 therapy combined with CTLA-4 blockade followed by resection, and post-treatment induction of TLS formation was observed in tumor specimens from responding patients (126).