CTLA4 and renal cell carcinoma: Specifically, the presence of TLSs and B-cell infiltration has been shown to help predict patient responses to programmed death-1 (PD-1) monotherapy or combined blockade with PD-1 plus cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4 (CTLA-4) in pre-therapeutic biopsy specimens of melanoma, soft-tissue sarcoma, urothelial carcinoma, NSCLC, and RCC (21, 115–118, 142, 143).