TNF and alkaline phosphatase measurement: In the studies reviewed, the cytokines elevated in AP compared to healthy controls included TNFα (99, 110), IFNγ (99, 109), IL-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1Ra) (76, 78), IL-2 (109, 150), IL-6 (10, 49, 83, 93), IL-8 (10, 87), IL-10 (70, 99) and IL-18 (107, 112), all of which are also consistently significantly differ between mild and severe disease.