Recently, a 5-protein host signature in peripheral blood (C9, IGFBP-2, CD79A, MXRA-7 and NrCAM), called the TB Risk Model 5 (TRM5), predicted disease in South African adolescents within 6 months of TB diagnosis with an AUC 0.96 [95% CI, 0.93–0.99] and within 6–12 months with an AUC 0.76 [95% CI, 0.65–0.87] (41). This evidence concerns the gene C9 and tuberculosis.