IFNA1 and viral infectious disease: E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase DTX3L (DTX3L), an E3 ubiquitin–protein ligase, has been little investigated in the context of virus infection, except for a study that reports protein mono-ADP-ribosyltransferase PARP9 (PARP9)-DTX3L ubiquitin ligase to target host histone and viral protease to enhance IFN signaling (Zhang et al., 2015).