For example, a recent study showed that CRC patients have gut microbiome imbalances, which were characterized by an increase in the abundance of cancer-related bacteria, such as pks + Escherichia coli, enterotoxigenic Bacteroides fragilis, and Fusobacterium nucleatum, whereas the abundance of beneficial bacteria such as Roseburia, Clostridium, and Bifidobacterium were found to be decreased (Janney et al., 2020). This evidence concerns the gene ARAF and cancer.