Luminal butyrate inhibits CRC mainly through HDAC inhibition by inactivating oncogenic pathways, such as mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), Akt/ERK signaling, Wnt signaling pathway, and TGF-β signaling (Li et al., 2017; Geng et al., 2021). The gene discussed is TGFB1; the disease is colorectal carcinoma.