Butyrate-induced macrophages also exhibit higher levels of AMP, an inducer of AMP-kinase (AMPK), which inhibits mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), the master regulator protein kinase of autophagy, which is associated with cancer, insulin resistance, and other diseases (Schulthess et al., 2019; Figure 2). Here, MTOR is linked to Insulin resistance.