NGF and posterior cortical atrophy: Specifically, monoamine oxidase A (MAOA), nerve growth factor (NGF), semaphorin4D (SEMA-4D), and C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 12 (CXCL12) were recently demonstrated to have an active role in promoting PNI in PCa and may be critical mediators in the pathogenesis of PNI (Zhang et al., 2008; Binmadi et al., 2012; Liss et al., 2014; Yin et al., 2021).