PTGS2 and neoplasm: Galectin-1 can interact with oncogenic RAS protein on the cell surface, affect the proliferation of tumor cells through the RAS pathway (Paz et al., 2001; Shih et al., 2019), and promote tumor progression and chemotherapy resistance by up-regulating p38 MAPK, ERK, and cyclooxygenase-2 (Chung et al., 2012), It can also promote tumor invasion and metastasis by activating the FAK/PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway (Su et al., 2020).